Structural Design of a Jacket Platform to the Colombian Caribbean Sea

Resumen Análisis Estructural de una Plataforma Fija tipo Jacket con Aplicación al Caribe Colombiano Date Received: January 13th 2016 Fecha de recepción: Enero 13 de 2016 Date Accepted: May 25th 2016 Fecha de aceptación: Mayo 25 de 2016 Structural Design of a Jacket Platform to the Colombian Caribbean Sea 1 Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Faculty of Engineering. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. e-mail: jcabrera@unitecnologica.edu.co 2 Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Faculty of Engineering. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. e-mail: jairmacia@gmail.com Ship Science & Technology Vol. 10 n.° 19 (61-69) July 2016 Cartagena (Colombia) 62 A platform type Jacket is a structure placed on the ocean, built with steel tubular components and fi xed at the bottom of the seabed with stakes, used for the exploration and specially for the production of hydrocarbons and mainly for depths of up to 300 meters. Structures that are exposed to the action of the waves, ocean currents, winds, earthquakes and other environmental aspects specifi c to the site operation and to be considered in the design. Due to the large demand of hydrocarbons in the world, there is a need to explore new deposits in search for reserves, and consequently, its vast seas are becoming a promising frontier for exploration operations and a source of energy resources, projects known as off shore. Colombia is not indiff erent to these initiatives, since the 2007 Caribbean Round until the last 2014 Colombia Round, a total of 23 off shore contracts have been assigned, of which 21 are in the Colombian Caribbean sea, 13 of them are oriented to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (ANH). Th e main objective of this research paper is to propose a model of analysis in the design of a platform type Jacket off shore considering the characteristics and conditions of loads produced by the environmental eff ects of the Colombian Caribbean sea. Defi ne the guidelines and basic theoretical foundations to follow in the analysis and design of these types of structures, determining the actions of the environmental loads specifi c to the region of operation. Establish the procedures and methodologies for analysis and their corresponding design and regulatory criteria for the structures type Jacket with a case study application for the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Th ere are various confi gurations for structural settings for the structures type Jacket depending on their installation and performance with respect to the environmental conditions and particularly to the seismic activities of a specifi c region, as shown in Fig. 1 [7]. For the analysis of environmental forces on a structure type Jacket, the loads to which the sea based platform is exposed are evaluated. Th erefore, the calculations of the environmental forces should not be made based solely on the estimations of the maximum loads on the structure, representing extreme situations like a tsunami, hurricane, earthquakes, storms, etc.; which directly aff ect the environmental forces increasing them with a factor up to fi ve times the value of the normal operational loads. From the point of view of the cinematics of water particles we have bidimensional models that work as a starting point for the estimation of the status of the sea based on the following classic theory of waves [5], among others: • Stream Function • Stokes of 5° order. • Linear wave or Airy Fig. 2 (fi gure 2.3.1-3 of section 2 of API RP2AWSD), shows the regions of application of the theory of waves mentioned in the above list. Th e most widely used theory and because of its simplicity is the linear theory of Airy, given that Introduction Theoretical Reference Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Fig. 1. Structural Confi guration [7]. Ship Science & Technology Vol. 9 n.° 19 (61-69) July 2016 Cartagena (Colombia) Cabrera, Macía 10 n.° 19 (61-69) July 2016 Cartagena (Colombia) 63 the origin of his formula is based on the potential of speeds, which depend on the position of the particle in the fluid and the given t that is taken as a reference. See equation 1.

A platform type Jacket is a structure placed on the ocean, built with steel tubular components and fi xed at the bottom of the seabed with stakes, used for the exploration and specially for the production of hydrocarbons and mainly for depths of up to 300 meters.Structures that are exposed to the action of the waves, ocean currents, winds, earthquakes and other environmental aspects specifi c to the site operation and to be considered in the design.
Due to the large demand of hydrocarbons in the world, there is a need to explore new deposits in search for reserves, and consequently, its vast seas are becoming a promising frontier for exploration operations and a source of energy resources, projects known as off shore.
Colombia is not indiff erent to these initiatives, since the 2007 Caribbean Round until the last 2014 Colombia Round, a total of 23 off shore contracts have been assigned, of which 21 are in the Colombian Caribbean sea, 13 of them are oriented to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (ANH).
Th e main objective of this research paper is to propose a model of analysis in the design of a platform type Jacket off shore considering the characteristics and conditions of loads produced by the environmental eff ects of the Colombian Caribbean sea.Defi ne the guidelines and basic theoretical foundations to follow in the analysis and design of these types of structures, determining the actions of the environmental loads specifi c to the region of operation.Establish the procedures and methodologies for analysis and their corresponding design and regulatory criteria for the structures type Jacket with a case study application for the Colombian Caribbean Sea.
Th ere are various confi gurations for structural settings for the structures type Jacket depending on their installation and performance with respect to the environmental conditions and particularly to the seismic activities of a specifi c region, as shown in Fig. 1 [7].
For the analysis of environmental forces on a structure type Jacket, the loads to which the sea based platform is exposed are evaluated.Th erefore, the calculations of the environmental forces should not be made based solely on the estimations of the maximum loads on the structure, representing extreme situations like a tsunami, hurricane, earthquakes, storms, etc.; which directly aff ect the environmental forces increasing them with a factor up to fi ve times the value of the normal operational loads.
From the point of view of the cinematics of water particles we have bidimensional models that work as a starting point for the estimation of the status of the sea based on the following classic theory of waves [5], among others:  the origin of his formula is based on the potential of speeds, which depend on the position of the particle in the fluid and the given t that is taken as a reference.See equation 1. Where: A = wave width.g = gravity acceleration.w = frequency of the wave (rad/s).K = number of wave.d = height of sheet of water.
The hydrodynamic forces on the structural elements due to the action of the waves can be estimated in three different forms [2]: (1) 19 -(61-69) July 2016 -Cartagena (Colombia) Structural Design of a Jacket Platform to the Colombian Caribbean Sea Ship Science & Technology -Vol. 10 -n.° 19 -(61-69) July 2016 -Cartagena (Colombia) significant length (being such length the diameter in the case of cylinders) and the length of the wave tide (according Fig. 3), said element does not significantly prevent the propagation of the incident wave, therefore, it is possible to use the Morison equation for the calculation of the hydrodynamic forces on slim cylinders.This is the case in the majority of steel platforms type Jacket, where the structural elements usually do not exceed two meter diameters, against wave lengths that are generally larger than one hundred meters in the design waves.
In the Morison Equation, equation 2, the acting force has two components participating simultaneously, the terms of inertia and drag.This calculation can be applied when the structure is small with respect to the length of the tide wave.[2].
Being that these are the main loads that determine the life cycle of a structure, the models and processes must be studied with detail to determine the limitations produced by each one considering the different codes that seek the design of an optimal structure for different environmental conditions.
In relation to the wind forces, the general expression is used for the calculation of said action over any structure located on the sea, represented by the equation 3. (2) Where: Projected area of the surfaces in which it is found The value of the wind coefficient is represented by a factor of the form of the structure and the factor depending on the height of the affected part of the structure, according equation 4. Where: In the estimation of the loads by the presence of ocean currents, the classic expression of an immersed element of a floating structure is used, equation 5. Where: A c = Area of the surface that is against the current.(m 2 ).
The tubular components of the Offshore structures type Jacket are designed and verified against the admissible tensions and limit status in accordance with a series of codes applicable to the sector, mainly for these structures of the American Petroleum Institute (API).Codes that not only include resistance and functionality requirements, as well as additional structural behavior aspects plus complexes, such as hydrostatic collapse, punching sheer and resistance to damages from fatigue.The foregoing corresponds to one of the most relevant stages of the design process, providing a reasonable level of reliability during the life cycle provided for the structural components.
The application of some codes in the design and checks towards the hydrocarbon sector in components of metallic structures as follows: • APIOCT84 (API 15th Edition Code Check) • 87APIH (API 17th Edition Hydrostatic Checks) (3) (4) (5)  Fig. 5 details the model of analysis for the structural design of platforms type Jacket applied to the Colombian Caribbean sea.Considering its location for operation, it is determined that the environmental characteristics corresponding to the adequate depth ranges for these types of structures.
Th e dimensions and geometry, and structural arrangement of the unit, will likewise depend on the environmental conditions, seismic conditions of the seabed as well as on the capacities destined to exploration and/or production of the fi eld, distance to land or exploration system selected.
In the evaluation of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads it is necessary to select the adequate wave theory having previously studied the aspects related to the cinematics of particles.
Th ey are likewise included as one of the most important stages of the process of application of design and check codes.As application of the proposed methodology, a study case of structural design was carried out on a new platform to be located in block RC-5 of the Colombian Caribbean sea, Fig. 5.A structural arrangement type 3 is selected, Fig. 1, in accordance with the characteristics and environmental conditions, particularly low depth and minimum seismic activity in the region, wave characteristics represented in Table 3.

Methodology
In the calculation of the environmental loads and the analysis and check of the structural components, we relied on the GTSTRULD Y GTSELOS System [7], obtaining the permitted deformation results, Figure 6 and resistance, which were verifi ed through standard API 2A-WSD.As shown in Fig. 7, no member exceeds the limit percentage of the load.
To evaluate the behavior of the platform a stiff ness analysis is performed considering the interaction of the loads with the structure, considering also the eff ects originated by the hydrostatic pressure (Hydrostatic Collapse).
To verify the structural resistance of the elements, a review of the acting eff orts is made in the structural elements according to the design standards and criteria, which for our case is APIWSD21, given that it is current in the database of the System used GTStrudl [7].As there is a need for new discoveries, increase the reserves and the production in the Colombian Caribbean sea at depths up to 300 meters, an increasing development of the infrastructure in offshore platforms type jacket is expected.This research paper proposes a methodology of analysis and structural design considering the theoretical foundations and field information necessary to provide reliable systems type Jacket according to its functionality and the region of location.Information such as the environmental characteristics and the depth of the operating site, become necessary data to select the adequate theoretical foundation for the development of the analysis.

Nodo
The model of analysis was applied for the design and analysis of a platform type Jacket according to the environmental conditions of Block RC-5 of the Colombian Caribbean sea, complying with the parameters permitted by the design standards for these types of structures.
The presented methodology will make make the development of future works easier within the field of study of offshore engineering in the Colombian Caribbean region.

Fig. 2 (Fig. 1 .
Fig.2(fi gure 2.3.1-3 of section 2 of API RP2A-WSD), shows the regions of application of the theory of waves mentioned in the above list.Th e most widely used theory and because of its simplicity is the linear theory of Airy, given that

Table 1 .
Values for Coefficients of Form according to ABS.

Table 2 .
Values for correction by height according to ABS.

Table 3 .
Characteristics of the status of the wave in the Region of Analysis [1].